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The Crimean War

 The Crimean War





The Crimean War, fought from October 1853 to February 1856, primarily took place on the Crimean Peninsula between Russia and an alliance comprising Britain, France, and Ottoman Turkey, later joined by Sardinia-Piedmont in January 1855.

The war was rooted in the clash of major powers' interests in the Middle East and was directly triggered by Russia's demands for protection over the Ottoman sultan's Orthodox subjects, along with a dispute between Russia and France regarding the privileges of the Russian Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches in Palestine.

Supported by Britain, the Turks resisted Russian occupation of the Danubian principalities in July 1853. Following the Russian Black Sea fleet's destruction of a Turkish squadron at Sinope, British and French fleets entered the Black Sea to safeguard Turkish transports. In September 1854, allied troops disembarked in Russian Crimea and initiated a year-long siege of Sevastopol. Key battles occurred at the Alma River, Balaklava, and Inkerman.

After Austria threatened to join the allies, Russia accepted preliminary peace terms on February 1, 1856. The Treaty of Paris, signed on March 30, 1856, guaranteed the integrity of Ottoman Turkey and required Russia to surrender southern Bessarabia. The Black Sea was neutralized, and the Danube River was opened to the shipping of all nations. The Crimean War exposed Russia’s lack of modernization.

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